ABSTRACT
Introduction: Cervical vertebrae constitute the skeletal framework of vertebral column in the region. The most important feature to identify the cervical vertebra is the presence of foramen transversarium. Vertebral artery, vertebral vein and sympathetic chain run through this foramen as a single unit. Compartmentalization or absence of the foramen may alter the course of these structures. Material and methods: The study was performed on 240 dry human cervical vertebrae of both sexes, which were collected from Anatomy department of MSYMCH, Meerut and HIMS, Varanasi. The variations in number and shape were observed, recorded and analyzed. The intact cervical vertebrae without any degenerative or traumatic disorders were included in this study. Result: Out of 240 cervical vertebrae, 63 vertebrae were found to have variations in the transverse foramina. Complete double transverse foramina were observed in 48 vertebrae (20%), out of which unilateral double foramina were found in 29 vertebrae (12%) and bilateral double foramina were found in 19 vertebrae (8%). Similarly, incomplete double transverse foramina were observed in 15 vertebrae (6%), of which the foramina were unilateral in 8 vertebrae (4%) and bilateral in 5 vertebrae (2%). Conclusion: In our study, we observed the double foramen transversarium in 26.25% of the cases. These variations may alter the course of vertebral artery. Presence of compartmentalization suggests the chances of compression of neurovascular bundle. Spicules of incomplete septation between the two foramina may pierce the vascular or neural structures resulting into vascular insufficiency or persisting pain. These findings may suggest a cue to the spinal surgeons in planning preoperative procedures for surgeries related to this region
ABSTRACT
Background: Dengue being the most prevalent mosquito borne arboviral infection in India, has become endemic in India with every year outbreaks. Despite substantial efforts to control the mosquito populations, dengue fever has spread, emerged and established itself rapidly. Objectives: This study is to correlate the platelet count and IgM /IgG and NS1 in the acute stage of dengue infection Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted for a period of 22 months in Heritage Institute of Medical Sciences from January 2016 to November 2017. Blood samples were collected from 1347 suspected Dengue patients. In all the serologically positive cases, serological confirmation and evaluation of platelet counts of dengue infection was done. Results: A total of 1347 suspected cases were admitted during the study period and among them, 155 (11.51%) were found to be seropositive for dengue. Among the dengue cases, Males (61.05%) were affected more than females (38.7%). Out of 155 positive cases, 108 [69.7%] cases were positive for NS1antigen either alone or in combination with antibodies.77 [49.7%] cases were exclusively positive for NS1 antigen only. Out of 108 cases that were positive for NS1, thrombocytopenia was observed in 70 cases (64.8%) whereas when the antibodies alone were considered, thrombocytopenia was observed in 18 out of 47 cases (38.3%. In a total of 155 cases, thrombocytopenia was seen in 88 cases (56.8%). Conclusion: The study draws attention toward diagnosis of dengue serologically by testing NS1 antigen and IgM / IgG antibodies. NS1inclusion in the diagnosis of dengue increases the chance of early diagnosis in order to avoid complications significantly
ABSTRACT
Ergonomics is a scientific discipline that studies workers and their relationship to their occupational environment. Dental professionals are at increased risk of development of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) because of their prolonged working hours and improper postures. Several factors contribute to poor ergonomics. These MSDs can lead to temporary or permanent disabilities such as dorsalgia, sciatica, and carpel tunnel syndrome. The purpose of this review was to create a complete exercise plan for dentist that addresses the commonly affected musculoskeletal areas due to poor ergonomics. A comprehensive exercise plan by the name of – “The Absolute Dent-Ergonomics Workout” was developed to address all the majorly affected musculoskeletal areas caused due to improper ergonomics. This plan specifically focuses on the stretching and the strengthening of the muscles as a whole and can be practiced with minimal or no armamentarium or assistance. Proper instructions for all the steps of the exercises have been discussed with pictorial representation.